App Store

App Store
AppStore icon.png
Apple Store.jpg
Developer(s) Apple Inc.
Initial release July 10, 2008
Operating system iOS, Mac OS X, Microsoft Windows
Type Software update/Digital distribution
License Proprietary
Website http://www.apple.com/iphone/appstore

The App Store is a service for the iPhone, iPod Touch and iPad created by Apple Inc. which allows users to browse and download applications from the iTunes Store that were developed with the iPhone SDK and published through Apple. Depending on the application, they are available either for free, or at a cost. The applications can be downloaded directly to target device, or downloaded onto a computer via iTunes. While Apple has stated that they do not expect to profit from the store, it has been predicted by Piper Jaffray that the App Store could create a profitable marketplace with revenue exceeding US$1 billion annually for the company. Apple allows 70% of revenues from the store to instantly go to the seller of the app, and 30% go to Apple.[1] The App Store opened on July 10, 2008 via an update to iTunes. On July 11, the iPhone 3G was launched and came pre-loaded with iPhone OS 2.0 with App Store support; new iPhone OS 2.0 firmware for iPhone and iPod Touch was also made available via iTunes.[2] As of June 7, 2010, there are at least 225,000 third-party applications officially available on the App Store, with over 5 billion total downloads.[3]

After the success of Apple's App Store, and the launch of similar services by its competitors, the term "app store" has been used to refer to any similar service for mobile devices.[4][5][6][7] However, Apple claims "App Store" as a trademark.[8]

The App Store is accessible from the iPhone, iPod Touch, and iPad via an iOS application by the same name. It is also the only way to directly download applications onto an iPhone OS device without voiding the warranty.

Contents

iPhone SDK

App Store on an iPod Touch

The Software Development Kit for iPhone OS was announced at the iPhone Software Roadmap event on March 6, 2008. The SDK allows developers running Mac OS X 10.5.4 or higher on an Intel Mac to create applications using Xcode that will natively run on the iPhone, iPod Touch and iPad. A beta version was released after the event and a final version was released in July 2008 alongside the iPhone 3G.[9] This major Roadmap event (coupled with a large distribution program for 3rd-party developers), later became known as the iPhone Developer Program, which currently offers two distribution tracks for 3rd-party developers: Standard, and Enterprise.[10]

Applications distributed through the standard program can be sold exclusively through the iTunes Store on Mac and Windows, or on the App Store on the iPhone, iPod Touch, and iPad.[10] Developers who publish their applications on the App Store will receive 70% of sales revenue, and will not have to pay any distribution costs for the application. However, an annual fee is required to use the iPhone SDK and upload applications to the store.[9]

Applications developed through the enterprise program are exclusively for institutional use, which allows for large corporations and government agencies to develop more proprietary applications not for public release.[10]

To run an application on the iPhone, the application needs to be signed. This signed certificate is only granted by Apple after the developer has first developed the software through either the US$99/year Standard package or the US$299/year Enterprise package with the iPhone SDK.[9]

Number of launched applications

On July 10, 2008, Apple CEO Steve Jobs told USA Today that the App Store contained 500 third-party applications for the iPhone and the iPod Touch, and of these 25% were free.[11] These third party applications range from business to game applications, entertainment to educational applications, and many more applications available for free or for sale. On July 11, 2008 the store opened, allowing users to buy applications and transfer them to an iPhone or iPod Touch with the iPhone 2.0 software update, which became available through iTunes on the same day. Ten million applications were downloaded the first weekend.[12]

On January 16, 2009, Apple announced on its website that 500 million applications had been downloaded.[13] The billionth application was downloaded on April 23, 2009.[14]

Unlike the apps that come standard on the iPhone (such as the YouTube app, which Apple added through an iOS software upgrade months before the launch of the App Store), apps downloaded from the App Store can be removed by the user at a future date.

Milestones

Chart showing App Store downloads and available apps over time.
App Store application availability has increased in line with downloads over time.
Date Available apps Downloads to date
July 11, 2008[15] 500 0
July 14, 2008[12] 800 10,000,000
September 9, 2008[16] 3,000 55,000,000
October 22, 2008[17] 7,500 200,000,000
December 5, 2008 10,000 300,000,000
January 16, 2009[13] 15,000 500,000,000
March 17, 2009 [18] 25,000 800,000,000
April 23, 2009[14] 35,000 1,000,000,000
June 8, 2009[19] 50,000 1,000,000,000+
July 11, 2009 55,000 1,000,000,000+
July 14, 2009[20] 65,000 1,500,000,000
September 9, 2009 75,000 1,800,000,000
September 28, 2009[21][22] 85,000 2,000,000,000
November 4, 2009[23][24] 100,000 2,000,000,000+
January 5, 2010[25][26] 120,000 3,000,000,000+
March 20, 2010[27] 150,000+ 3,000,000,000+
April 8, 2010[28] 185,000+ 4,000,000,000+
April 29, 2010[29] 200,000+ 4,500,000,000+
June 7, 2010[30] 225,000+ 5,000,000,000+

1 Billionth App Countdown

Apple posted a countdown to 1 billion app downloads from the App Store on the company website, along with a competition to celebrate the download of the billionth app.

Application ratings

Apple rates applications worldwide based on their content, and determines what age group each is appropriate for. According to the iPhone OS 3.0 launch event, the iPhone will allow blocking of objectionable apps in the iPhone's settings. The following are the ratings that Apple has detailed:

Rating Description
4+ Contains no objectionable material.
9+ May contain mild or infrequent occurrences of cartoon, fantasy or realistic violence, and infrequent or mild mature, suggestive, or horror-themed content which may not be suitable for children under the age of 9.
12+ May also contain infrequent mild language, frequent or intense cartoon, fantasy or realistic violence, and mild or infrequent mature or suggestive themes, and simulated gambling which may not be suitable for children under the age of 12.
17+ May also contain frequent and intense mature, horror, and suggestive themes; plus sexual content, nudity, alcohol, tobacco, and drugs which may not be suitable for children under the age of 17. Consumers must be at least 17 years old to purchase apps with this rating. Whenever an app of this rating is requested for download, a message will appear, verifying if a user is 17 or older, and asking to confirm the purchase for this reason.

Content restrictions

Rejection of applications

Applications are subject to approval by Apple, as outlined in the SDK agreement, for basic reliability testing and other analysis. Applications may still be distributed "ad-hoc" if they are rejected, by the author manually submitting a request to Apple to license the application to individual iPhones,[31] although Apple may withdraw the ability for authors to do this at a later date.[32]

Non-disclosure agreements have always forbidden developers from publishing the content of their rejection notices, but Apple has now started labeling their rejection letters with Non-Disclosure (NDA) warning THE INFORMATION CONTAINED IN THIS MESSAGE IS UNDER NON-DISCLOSURE.[33] Apple later changed the NDA citing that "it has created too much of a burden on developers"[34] but they did not reverse the decision to forbid publication of rejection notices.[35] Some applications are not available outside the US App Store at the request of the developer.[36]

Functional restrictions

As stated in the SDK agreement, applications must not duplicate the functions of the iPhone itself, for example by providing an email interface,[37] or having the same elements as the built in SMS app [38] however applications have also been rejected for duplicating the functionality of iTunes.[39] Applications may be rejected if they are of only "limited utility".[40] Some reports indicate that toolbars must be placed at the bottom of the screen, and the vibration function should only be used for alerts.[41]

Google Voice

Google Voice-compatible applications have been removed from the App Store. The FCC is investigating this incident as a possible example of anticompetitive behavior from Apple and possibly AT&T.[42] Google developed their own app while Apple says that they are further reviewing it.[43] Since then, no word has been heard about Google Voice on iPhone. GV Mobile, a third-party Google Voice app, is available for jailbroken iPhones via Cydia.[44][45]

I Am Rich

In August 2008, an application known as I Am Rich was released in the store, "a work of art with no hidden function at all", with its only purpose being to show other people that they were able to afford it, as it cost US$999.99, €799,99, and UK£599.99.[46] The application was removed from the App Store the day following its release, on August 6, 2008 (2008-08-06).[47] Eight people had allegedly bought it before it was pulled.[48]

Approval process

Launched in July of 2008, the App Store started averaging about $1 million a day in downloads in its first month of existence.[49] To get applications into the App Store, developers were required to submit their app and wait for approval or rejection by Apple. Rejected apps were given feedback on the reason they were rejected so they could be modified and resubmitted.[50]

The approval process for Apple has changed over time in terms of its feedback to developers and the time delay for apps to be approved. In the July of 2009, application approval could take weeks. Apple vowed to improve the process, which was streamlined at the end of 2009, and app approval was sometimes performed in a few days.[51] In addition, in December of 2009, the App Store began providing detailed feedback to developers on the approval process rather than simply showing "Waiting for Approval" and "Approved" or "Rejected."

Over time, requirements have evolved as trends have appeared in application development. For example, applications accessing the user's location for advertising were valid prior to the fall of 2009. After this point, apps were rejected that did not provide more robust user experience beyond simply using location data for advertising. Other requirements, such as using undocumented APIs has always led to rejection.

There is less complete data on the iPad approval process due to the newness of the platform, but the process can be lengthy[52], similar to the weeks experienced previously for iPhone applications.

Censorship

Newspaper and magazine content

In May 2009, Apple rejected the first version of 'Newspapers', an iPhone app that let users read content from 50+ newspapers around the world, including the New York Times, France's Le Monde, and the United Kingdom tabloid The Sun. The app was rejected because the topless "Page 3" girls daily features were described as "obscene". A second version of the application was submitted, removing access to The Sun, and adding a price tag of £0.59. The app was made available in the summer, after the release of the iPhone 3.0 software.[53][54] Another application, of similar nature to 'Newspapers', called 'Eucalyptus' allowed users to download e-books to their iPhone, though was censored by Apple because one of the e-books that could have been downloaded was the Kama Sutra. The ban has since been lifted.[55]

"We do believe we have a moral responsibility to keep porn off the iPhone ... Folks who want porn can buy an Android phone"

– Steve Jobs[56]

"We can’t adapt European magazines to the standards of Utah."

– Mathias Müller von Blumencron (editor of Der Spiegel, warning that the news magazine would not alter its content for the App Store)[57]

It should be noted that the App Store has Playboy and Sports Illustrated adult-rated apps that have yet to be removed, while some apps by others were removed citing adult content which has resulted in accusations of hypocrisy.[58][59][60] In November 2009, the application of Stern (a mainstream German weekly magazine with a print circulation of about 900,000) was deleted for several weeks without warning.[57][61] In January 2010, Europe's largest newspaper, German tabloid Bild, removed content from the iPhone version of its print edition at the request of Apple, and later it had to modify one of its applications - like in the Stern case because of nudity.[62] The Association of German Magazine Publishers (VDZ) warned that with such interventions Apple might be moving towards censorship.[62]

The Guardian described censorship of explicit content by Apple as analogous to that of the distributor WH Smith, a main distributor which for many years imposed content restrictions on British publishers. Workers at the fashion magazine Dazed & Confused have nicknamed their iPad edition the "Iran edition".[56]

Pulitzer Prize Winning cartoons

In December 2009, Apple banned a cartoon app called NewsToons by cartoonist Mark Fiore, on the grounds that it "ridiculed public figures."[63][64] In April 2010, Fiore won the Pulitzer prize for his political satire cartoons, making history as the very first internet-only cartoonist to win the prestigious journalistic prize.[65][63][64] Following public outcry after the story broke in the wake of the award, Apple asked Fiore to resubmit his app. Fiore said, "Sure, mine might get approved, but what about someone who hasn’t won a Pulitzer and who is maybe making a better political app than mine? Do you need some media frenzy to get an app approved that has political material?"[64]

Baby Shaker

In April 2009, a controversial game called Baby Shaker was approved for the App Store then later removed due to complaints. The game allowed the user to shake their phone until an image of a cartoon baby on the screen died.[66]

Nine Inch Nails

Also in May 2009, Trent Reznor of the rock band Nine Inch Nails announced, via his Twitter account, that Apple had rejected an update to the Nine Inch Nails application due to "objectionable content".[67] The developer posted a message on the Nine Inch Nails discussion boards explaining the situation further: "v1.0 is live. v1.0.3 got rejected due to content yet the app has no content in it. This was mainly a stability release to fix the bug that crashes the app for international users. The bug was fixed 24 hours after 1.0 went live and we have been waiting for apple to approve it ever since. Meanwhile the app continues to get a growing number of 1 star ratings from international users understandably frustrated by the bug. "But looks like our hands are tied".[68] Apple later permitted the update.[69]

Similar services for other devices

Following the popularity of the App Store, competitors developed their own software stores. Palm Inc. published an application store similar to the App Store for Palm devices[70] and announced the App Catalog for webOS on the Palm Pre that was released on June 6, 2009. Another platform, Android Market is used in conjunction with OHA's Android operating system. Microsoft has released Windows Marketplace for Mobile, an application store for their Windows Mobile platform.[71] Nokia has released The "Ovi Store"[72] (which replaced its earlier "Download!" application) for its S60 and S40 based mobile devices. RIM also launched its application store BlackBerry App World.[73] The Nintendo DSi is able to connect to an online store called the "DSi Shop", along with Sony's PlayStation Portable (PSP) being able to connect to PlayStation Store to download games, etc.

References

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  71. ↑ "Microsoft Reveals New Windows Phones With Marketplace and My Phone Services". Press Release. Microsoft. 2009-02-16. http://www.microsoft.com/presspass/press/2009/feb09/02-16MWCPR.mspx. Retrieved 2009-02-27. 
  72. ↑ "Ovi Store". Store.ovi.com. http://store.ovi.com/. Retrieved 2009-12-02. 
  73. ↑ "RIM store crowned BlackBerry App World". CNet. 2009-03-04. http://news.cnet.com/8301-17938_105-10188400-1.html. Retrieved 2009-03-08. 

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